Patient Information - Dialysis Compact
The kidney - a nearly irreplaceable organ!The human kidneys are small, biological marvels with a fascinating design that fulfill a vital function. The failure or inability of the twin organs to function over a significant period can be life-threatening. Treating kidney patients only recently became a success story as hemodialysis became routine in the 1960s. Now, with the help of technical perfection, dialysis guarantees a certain quality of life and longer life expectancy for an increasing number of kidney patients. On the following pages we will explain the most important terms and information on the subjects of kidneys, diseases and dialysis, and answer the most important questions in a clear, concise manner. Here you will find explanations to questions including: what function do the kidneys perform, what causes chronic renal failure and which treatment alternatives exist? In addition, we will give an insight into how dialysis functions. What do healthy kidneys accomplish?Kidneys are an important part of the body’s metabolic processes. They accumulate urine and dispose it through the urinary tract. Excess water and toxins from metabolic processes, along with urine, are removed from the body as if through a filter. In addition, the acid-base-balance is regulated to prevent excess acidity in the blood. The kidneys also have an important function in regulating blood pressure by producing hormones. Hormones from the kidneys, such as Erythropoietin, control the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. Kidneys also influence the amount of calcium in the blood and the production of Vitamin D. This vitamin is needed in mineralization, which helps to provide stability of bones. The broad variety of the kidneys’ functions is readily apparent. Kidneys come in pairs and, in adults, each kidney is about eleven centimeters (4.33 inches) long and weighs about 160 grams (5.6 ounces). ![]() What causes kidney disease?Kidney diseases can have differing causes. Various forms of infection in kidney tissue (glomerulonephritis) often leave lasting damage. Even high blood pressure (hypertension), a common ailment, can profoundly damage the kidneys. An underlying diabetes is oftentimes the cause of kidney disease and an excessive intake of certain medications can also reduce long-term kidney function. Various other, sometimes congenital, causes exist, such as polycystic kidney disease. Most kidney diseases develop quietly and are not noticed for many years. Therefore, some with chronic kidney disease do not visit a kidney specialist (nephrologist) until a late stage of the illness. Though seldom, some cases can develop quickly in a matter of days or weeks resulting in acute renal failure. ![]() What effects does kidney disease have?When kidneys are no longer able to adequately fulfill their duties, the functional efficiency of the entire organism is affected. If only the “filter” of the kidney is defective, too much protein will be released into the urine. Furthermore, it leads to edema (the collection of water) in legs or in lungs. What are the goals in treating kidney failure?If the performance of the kidneys, known as “clearance” to specialists, decreases by more than 10 to 15%, complications with dangerous consequences can be expected. Doctors call this stage of blood poisoning uremia. Untreated over a longer period, it leads to death. In treating advanced renal failure, doctors first work to prevent life-threatening complications from uremia while the long-term goal remains the full or nearly complete restoration of a patient’s health, allowing a normal, everyday social and work life. Severely damaged kidneys can only be treated by replacing the organ’s vital functions with an appropriate treatment - renal replacement therapy. What opportunities exist for renal replacement therapy?The best and most comprehensive form of renal replacement is the successful implantation of a healthy donor kidney. However, worldwide there are not enough donor organs available. Sometimes, important medical or personal reasons also make a kidney transplant impossible. Chronic kidney failure therefore requires – at least temporarily – treatment using an “artificial kidney”. This treatment is known as “dialysis”. HemodialysisDuring hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is passed through a filter outside the body and then reintroduced to the patient. Tiny pores in the filter membrane filter out toxins while vital components, such as proteins, are left in the blood. Excess water can also be removed through these tiny pores. The process is controlled by a dialysis machine that is equipped with a blood pump and monitoring systems that ensure safety. The machine can also administer drugs, e.g. Heparin, to prohibit blood clotting during the treatment. ![]() ![]() For hemodialysis, blood is taken from a vein, preferably on the patient’s lower arm. To ensure that enough blood is available for treatment, a small operation is performed to prepare the forearm vein. A bypass is established between the vein and an artery to allow higher pressure and faster blood flow. This bypass is known as a “shunt”. If no appropriate blood vessel can be used for the shunt procedure, a catheter can be placed in one of the larger blood vessels. ![]() There are various methods are available for use in therapy. The dialysis treatment itself can be administered in either a specialized clinic or at home. Peritoneal dialysisThe peritoneum lines the walls of the abdomen and covers the internal organs. It has similar attributes to the artificial filter used in hemodialysis: its pores allow the passage of certain substances while retaining others. Peritoneal dialysis uses this naturally filtering organ. ![]() Kidney transplantsMany patients with end-stage renal failure hope for a “new” kidney through a transplant. However, there are not enough donor organs, usually taken from deceased donors, available. Patients that are medically fit for a transplant are first placed on a central waiting list. Waiting times as well as similar tissue types between donor and recipient are considered when allocating donor organs. This lessens the risk that a transplanted kidney will be quickly rejected by a recipient. How can metabolic toxins be removed from the body?An average dialyzer is an artificial filter with about 10,000 microscopic dialysis fibers, which are also known as dialysis membranes. The fibers are about 0.3 mm or 300 µm wide and are hollow with semi-permeable walls. Blood runs through the dialysis fibers and the dialysate is pumped in the opposite direction. When blood is guided through the inner lumen of the capillaries, toxins up to a defined molecular size may leave the blood stream through pores in the capillary wall to the outer space. Here they are removed by a rinsing solution. Vital substances and blood cells remain in the blood stream, they are held back by the tiny pores. ![]() To remove excess water from the body, especially in peritoneal dialysis, fluids contain sugar molecules. The concentration of the sugar in the fluid is higher than in the blood. Since the sugar molecules cannot pass through the membrane, the only way of offsetting the difference in concentration is for water to pass through the membrane and thus to compensate for the concentration difference. This process is also known as osmosis. In osmosis, as opposed to diffusion, molecules move in only one direction. By continuously introducing fresh dialysis fluid containing sugar molecules, excess water that the kidneys could not filter out and that would have collected in the body, can be removed. Peritoneal dialysis is also based on the principles of osmosis and diffusion, with the patient’s abdominal lining acting as the body’s own dialysis membrane. Reference: Information has been supplied by www.fmc-ag.com |
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